Dear Mwimba,
Welcome to SuSanA and thank you for highlighting an important issues related to sanitation in institutions and public spaces.  The challenge exists in Indian contexts too, especially lack of adequate sanitation facilities in and around public spaces.

You wrote

These shortages disrupted daily activities and posed significant health risks, demonstrating the urgent need for reliable and consistent water supply in educational institutions. 

It would be great if you could please elaborate on the various challenges faced by diffrent groups of individuals. I ask so that it is explicit and we don;t have to imagine the challenges which would likley vary based on the context. 

Regarding your question - Typically I would assume the head of the institution would make arrangements to ensure availability of water in their institute. But in times of scarcity, the local government would typically supply through tankers. One can think of how political patronage plays a role and the inequitable the situation is likley to be - the worst off would probably suffer more than others, but I'll leave it for another day. But you are right in asking the question about placing the responsibilty.  I haven't come across any specific regulatory arrangement related to WASH in Institutions. I request members to kindly share arrangements that make responsibility for WASH in institutions explicit.

Regards
paresh

I am a student at one of the higher institutions of learning in Zambia, and thought to share some key challenges related to WASH in institutions.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are essential to public health, yet they remain inadequately addressed in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Zambia. 

Recent water shortages at Copperbelt University (CBU) and Levy Mwanawasa Medical University (LMMU) have highlighted the severe consequences of inadequate water supply in educational settings. These shortages disrupted daily activities and posed significant health risks, demonstrating the urgent need for reliable and consistent water supply in educational institutions. The absence of clean water compromises the health and well-being of students and staff, emphasizing the need for educational initiatives to promote water conservation and good hygiene practices.

Beyond educational institutions, public markets also face WASH challenges, which are vital for community health. For instance, poor sanitation facilities at UB Market in Mansa, Zambia pose significant public health risks. The situation in healthcare facilities is even more concerning, with many lacking basic WASH services. According to WHO and UNICEF, more than one in three healthcare facilities in low-resource settings lack access to water, and nearly one in five do not have toilets.

Zambia's government has made commendable progress in enhancing WASH infrastructure, particularly in healthcare facilities. New facilities are being equipped with boreholes and running water, and existing ones are being upgraded. However, more needs to be done. Public awareness campaigns on water conservation and hygiene practices must be intensified, particularly in schools and markets. Continued investment in WASH infrastructure is crucial to ensuring reliable access to clean water and proper sanitation across all sectors. Addressing WASH challenges in Zambia is not just a public health imperative but a moral obligation.

By prioritizing WASH improvements and promoting good hygiene practices, Zambia can safeguard the health and well-being of its citizens and set a positive example for other nations facing similar challenges. 

The biggest question here is, who bears the responsibility for institutional WASH?