Dear Emmanuel,
dear all,
infections by intestinal parasites will be the biggest problem by number of cases. "Enterobius" attacking worldwide and only transmitted between humans is not very problematic for health. Parasistism caused by other types of worms in combination with diarrhoea is more a problem of tropical and subtropical regions and main reason for poor developement of children. To kill worm helmeths, compost temperature should reach 70 degrees Celsius.

Most of the harmfull bacteria multiplies in bodies of humans and other warm-blooded animals. Viruses, E. coli, Salmonellae and Shigellae may survive some month in soils. Perfect hygienisation by earthworms will reduce bacteria significant and in most cases no bacterial infection will happen after consumption of food fertilized with that material.

Midrange temperatures, midrange moisture, optimal conditions in your garden for bacteria to live long. Normaly there must be lot of one type of bacteria entering your body to start the specific infection. Mentioned EHEC E.Coli needs only a few bacteria to start a a potentially life threatening disease. They may live for a long time in plants.

Risk is a statistical issue. Risk assessment is always culture-dependent. Water in USA must be bacteria free. In Germany we allow more bacteria and dont want as much chlorine in water as in USA. We don´t fear food fertilized organic. Your customers might reinfect themselves with intestinal worms, Maybe there is a inner-family ping-pong infection and some neighbors become infected too. It´s not complete riskless, but will not be responsible for epidemic situations. To collect shit in cities for the production of fertilizers beeing connected with all parts of the world by plains, too dangerous in my opinion.

Is the application of sludge good or bad and what is the difference? The sludge usually is not used on horticultural grounds, the same for compost from seperated collection. If used on eg. sugar-beets, wheat, potatoes the problems are more on the heavy metal content than concerning bacteria, for the bacteria will become killed before eaten. If the wheat/flour is not used crude (is this a real problem, or only a theoretical), not a problem using your compost.

Gerhard Pelzer

Dear all, Dear Ralph,

I am in France manufacturing some dry toilets and the question of the use of the excreta is a permanent question from users.
As Geoffroy says, in France sewage sludge is spread with or without composting before spreading.
I say to users that we think that there is no risk in spreading vermi-composting coming from toilets but we invit them using the compost on trees or non eadible plants. Each time we do analysis, we have compost that can be consider as compost for each type of plant in the frensh law. This i confused and not logical
Can we consider that there is a different risk in using compost from european people than using compost coming from region where there are different disease or bacteria ?
Or is there no différence between countries in the world ?
Do you think that the law and rules in european countries are not linked to recent resarch ?
What about European rules in that sector ?
What is real and what is supposition ?

Thank you for your answers

Emmanuel
Ecodomeo

Interesting discussion - SuSan Design is testing sanitized human excreta in maize production in Uganda and we hope to bring about a safe/practical way to add the nutritional value of human excreta to farm production. Our results shold be avaialble in August.

Dear Geoffroy,
dear Ralf,
dear all,
in Germany the application of sewage sludge is prohibited on horticultural grounds, fruit orchards and pasture.
The regulations for UK following GAP (good agricultural practice):
www.environment-agency.gov.uk/netregs/bu...riculture/61893.aspx
I fully support Ralfs suggestion. Expenses and risks are relatively high for few manmade shit. Wood or perennial plantations are to be chosen.
EHEC bacteria is initially spreaded by cow-manure from highenergy protein feeded cattle. The more of that feed, the more bacteria. In Germany usually they don´t applicate cow manure as fertilizer in horticulture - too dangerous. But the postgraduate agricultural engineer who prepaired my hobby garden plot (Bioland Ecological certificated) applicated a lot of cow dung at the end of january. Allowed but problematic.
Important to take care and to remember the both aspects of food security.
TUHH published a lot of important stuff. Thank you for publishing under Creative Commons. Last December I discussed EHEC (COW-DUNG vermicomposted) in Alamar/Havana/Cuba referring to the (HUMAN-DUNG) dissertation of Buzie-Fru "Development of a continuous single chamber vermicomposting toilet with urine diversion for on-site application" doku.b.tu-harburg.de/volltexte/2011/1095/
Gerhard Pelzer
Consultant Social Marketing

Dear all,

Il Walonia (southern region of Belgium), according to the law, sewage sludge can't be used on eadible plants (fruits and vegetable crops, usualy eaten raw) if spread less than 10 month before harvesting. (The main issue adressed by the legislation is related to the heavy metals).

I've never heard any problem related to pathogens because of this practice. In France, where sewage sludge is widely used, there seems not to be pathogenic problems related neither. Lime is ofter used to kill (inactivate?) pathogens and enhance agronomical value of the products.

Is there any reason for having stronger laws with "humanure" than from sewage sludge?

Where does the "10 years rules" come from?

Thanks in advance for your opinion,

Best regards,

Geoffroy Germeau

There was quite an interesting discussion lately on the ecosanres discussion forum which is run by SEI. For me, I find it a real pity that that particular discussion forum is closed and only e-mail based, so I have asked Ralf Otterpohl if I can copy his recent postings across to here so that they are out in the open and can be re-found more easily. Ralf is a well-known professor in Germany (Technical University Hamburg-Harburg) who has published on ecosan topics since several decades and whose current main interest is in Terra Preta Sanitation.
(I didn't copy the other responses, not because they are not good as well but because I haven't asked the particular people yet for their permissions)

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On Apr 3, 2012, at 8:32 PM, Ralf Otterpohl <ro@...> wrote:

Dear Carl,
Dear All,

I agree in long term separation of above 10 years until no crop restrictions apply. However, in many cases the excreta compost can be highly beneficial to help reforestation, to create beneficial trees that avoid land erosion and provide fodder, later even food. Moringa Oliveira trees are amazing in multiple benefit, the leaves are great fodder (up to 40% for goats fodder see reader in www.anamed.net), seeds useable for greywater precipitation or drinking water purification. At the same time roots build humus in the surrounding soil improving yields, too. After 10 years in excreta compost leafs can also be highly nurishing food, the taste after being cooked is like mangold/swiss chard and spinach. Unfortuntely only in the warm climates. Such concepts with Moringa (not yet the excreta compost I guess) are used in Ethiopia in the South West in a really dry region with great success. With this goats could be kept in fences thus allowing re-growth of natural and man-made vegetation.

Further great trees are Neem (besides 40 great benefits to man excellent goat fodder see ANAMED) and we should look more for the Annatto Tree (Lipstick-Tree), it has the potential to provide nutrition for humans yielding as much as intensive wheat fields on the same area but restoring it at the same time and allowing veggie production under them, too. Compost is very often urgently needed to get trees tall enough to survive the growth phase. The Composting Group in Arba Minch (involved in EU CLARA project of Gunter Langergraber) does apply this 'trick' to sell compost, you buy a bag with a small tree and buy 3 bags of compost with it to have it growing.

For sanitisation: Lactic Acid Fermentation is highly efficient even before the composting in the toilet, good thermo-phase later followed by vermi-composting is pretty safe - plus 10 years of crop restrictions for hygiene and wash out of micro pollutants. We will get high amounts of compost when we also compost urine with woody waste (200 kg/person /year allow evaporation in between) and even better with addition of some charcoal. See www.tuhh.de/aww for many downloads of over a 100 person years of intense practical ecosan research including vermi-composting.

Kind regards

Ralf

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On Apr 10, 2012, at 11:26 AM, Ralf Otterpohl wrote:

Dear Carl,

The great thing is that we have so many options at hand that all have their upsides and downsides. Your system has some clear advantages, no doubt.

Improving soil is the thing to do to assure the base for water and food security, therefore we work on systems that produce maximum humus also from urine. Not from the desk but with lots of practical applications. The diffence may be that we work on developing professional systems that can serve millions at low costs. Densely populated areas are often not all that suitable for huge chambers. The collection effort for excreta and urine in the peri-urban and urban is that same as urine dominates volume. Composting in our approach is ideally done where the humus is used (non-food for the first ten years), where the soil is, as transporing twice does not make a lot of sense.

Kind regards

Ralf

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Re: Compost for Trees Re: EcoSanRes: Composting Reduces Growers' Concerns About Pathogens!

Dear Richard,
Dear All,

Everybody is free to use more or less well sanitized excreta for his or her own food supply. The risk is low in this case, as an emitting person will just infect a person taht is ill already. For professionals in sanitation we cannot do so because we do have a certain risk of spreading nasty diseases. This is unneccessary because we can grow our food with the kitchen waste and utilize excreata compost non-food eg for planting trees.

One pathway that is not considered even by hygienists (obviously there are many people also overdoing this issue..) is the uptake of bacteria through roots of vegetables. This pathway is called endocytosis in plants and very well proven by respected universities. E.g. E-Coli has been found to move inside the plant alive until it will be digested at some time. Now I will not put anybody at risk by implementing systems where there is a pathway shorter than 10 years from toilet to vegetables.

In Germany we have had severe incidents with EHEC - where there are species of E-Coli that are deadly. The victims in Germany last year ate sprouts from seeds that had been watered with wastewater. Richard, when your secretary, who likes your spinach from the toilet compost falls ill, you will be responible at least morally. In the school of my children we just had an EHEC warning, this is not so rare as we may think. And there is a lot of pathogens around.

If we as Ecosan community want to be taken seriously as professionals in sanitation we must get away from unnecessary risks. Almost everybody around the world does hate to eat veggies from toilet compost (almost always at far too low temperatures) and I cannot follow the obsession some of us have for promoting exactly this. Excreta compost is so little that we can easily keep it separate and bring to the ecological loop in a longer time span. Many people are repelled by the nice drawings from toilet to mouth, few will tell us.

I do respect your motivation and your good work, but flexibility and adaptation is something great. Let us move to the safe side where the health and lifes of others are can be affected.

Kind regards

Ralf

Ralf Otterpohl
Univ. Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Director
Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection
*** focus on Resources Management Sanitation / Ecosan
TUHH Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
www.tuhh.de/aww